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北京——我姥姥喜欢讲自己在中华人民共和国成立后前几十年担任记者的故事。她回忆说,他们在喇叭里听到毛主席的最新声明时,会匆忙地记下来;在刚刚进行集体化改造的农村与愉快的农民交谈。她事业的亮点是把一名默默无闻的糖果销售员打造成了国家劳动英雄,热情洋溢地赞美他为人民服务的精神。 她在中部省份湖南省长大,父亲是地主。她说自己的母亲是一名忧郁的家庭主妇,怨恨丈夫在她没有生下男孩后娶了一个小老婆。 “共产党做了不少坏事,”姥姥在回忆结束时总会说,“但他们确实改善了妇女的生活。” 这句口头禅总结了人们对毛泽东在中国女性事业方面留下的遗产的普遍观点。每个中国学童在历史课上都曾学到,共产党将农民的女儿从城里的妓院救出来,把大门不出的妻子送进工厂,让她们从儒家父权制度的压迫和帝国主义威胁中得到解放。 但是,关于毛泽东治下女性地位全面提升的描述包含着一些需要额外说明的关键之处。 虽然共产党革命给女性带来了更多的工作机会,但也让她们的利益服从于集体目标。毛泽东的言论和政策止步于家门口,对减轻女性做家务和照看孩子等家庭负担几乎没有任何帮助。整个社会充斥着盲目颂扬革命成就的言论,女性失去了个性化语言,不能用之来理解和表达自己的个体感受。 史学家们在研究20世纪50年代中国农村的集体化时,发现情况很复杂。人们曾认为,该举措通过为农村女性提供就业机会,从而为她们赋权。虽然女性的确对集体农业生产做出了巨大贡献,但她们很少能升至可以做出决策的位置,在围绕丈夫的家庭和村庄关系建立的社区中,她们依然是外人。研究还发现,女性经常从事对体力有要求的劳动,但挣的比男性少,因为涉及大型动物或机械的对体力要求较低、最有价值的任务通常留给了男性。 城里的工作环境也不乐观。女性被派往集体社区作坊,薪水微薄,工作条件恶劣,而男性则更可能得到大企业和国有企业的舒适工作。党干部对此的解释反映出根深蒂固的性别偏见:女性体质更弱,脾气更温和,不太适合操作重型设备等繁重任务,或者去工厂工作。 共产党有时口头上支持共同承担家务,但在实践中,它纵容女性在家中继续保持从属地位。在海报和讲话中,社会主义女性偶像被描述为“铁娘子”,她们在钢铁熔炉前英勇地劳作,同时维持家庭的和谐。但那是一种以偏概全的方式,只关注让女性加入劳动队伍,无视她们在其他领域的感受。 去农村探访的人们看到农村妇女日夜不停地劳作:做饭、缝补衣服,以及在田里干完一天活后回家喂家畜。她们的处境令文革时期下放到农村的城市年轻人感到震惊,比如佛罗里达大西洋大学(Florida Atlantic University)的社会学教授张乃华(音)。文革时期,年轻的她在农村呆过一段时间,她认为农村婚姻完全抹杀了女性身份。 研究者还发现,结婚后,工厂女性的事业发展往往比男性慢,因为她们受到家庭责任束缚,几乎没时间学习新技能,承担额外工作,而这两项都是获得晋升的前提条件。承诺减轻她们负担的国家服务,比如公共托儿所,实际上很少,未能实现全面覆盖。与发达国家的女性不同,中国女性没有节省体力的家用电器,因为毛泽东的经济政策倾向于发展重工业,而非洗衣机和洗碗机等消费品的生产。 有些西方学者认为,这些现实相当于出现了“革命的延迟”。不过,学者们的结论与中国妇女们的看法恰恰相矛盾。 20世纪70年代,艾奥瓦大学(University of Iowa)的人类学教授玛格丽·沃尔夫(Margery Wolf)在中国进行实地调查时惊讶地发现,中国女性虽然继续遭受压迫,却热情歌颂妇女解放的奇迹。 “人们很容易将广泛宣传的性别平等理念当成现实,将问题视为旧制度和旧理念的残留,认为它们会随着时间的流逝而消失,”社会学家张乃华教授说。 国家进行政治宣传,不仅是为了招募女性加入劳动队伍,而且是为了塑造她们的自我观念。海报、教科书和报纸宣传的形象和故事缺乏独特的个人经历,在观点、价值和成就上将女性与男性相提并论。对工作场合的女性来说,遵循这种狭义的、可接受的女性形象就意味着她们不能看待、理解和谈论自己生活的本来面目,而是必须遵循党的理想中的面貌。 共产党政治宣传成功的一个表现是,在毛泽东时代公开讲述自己经历的女性完全是沿用官方言辞的。专门研究中国女性的人类学家伊丽莎白·克罗尔(Elisabeth Croll)注意到,在中华人民共和国成立后的前几十年里,所有公开讲述中国女性生活的文章都遵循着相同的套路,那就是,她们从被欺压的妻子和女儿转变为独立的社会主义工作者——这几乎已成为所有女性的故事。 在毛泽东去世40年后,人们依然通过他关于性别平等的著名口号“妇女能顶半边天”来理解他在这方面的遗产。姥姥说这句口号的语气跟她谈论毛主席的其他罪行和功绩并无二致。 她没有提到在动荡的革命运动中操持家务、养育三个孩子的辛苦。她也没有抱怨自己因丈夫政治成分不好而不能入党的事。当她提起,上级党领导在她事业刚开始有起色时劝她结婚,也只是轻声笑了一下。 尽管有这么多缺点,但共产主义革命让中国女性敢于胸怀宏大的梦想。在给我母亲提建议时,姥姥赞同女儿上研究生的决定,劝她找一个支持自己事业的丈夫。她似乎依然认为新的市场经济会最终让女性成为自己思想和行动的主人,因为市场经济是一种精英制度,鼓励自由选择。 毕竟,她总是对我母亲说,“你有更多机会。” ncG1vNJzZmibnmO7usDIppysZpOkunC7z6KloqeeZH9xfZZpcGtuX6y8rrHNZpqhoZ6WeqS7zKasp6GjqXqzsdWoo66smaS7cA%3D%3D

9 Best Movies Like M. Night Shyamalan's Old

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Desmond Child Height, Weight, Net Worth, Age, Birthday, Wikipedia, Who, Nationality, Biography

Desmond Kid is an American musician, maker, and vocalist whose songwriting credits incorporate various hit tracks, for example, You Give Love a Terrible Name, Livin’ on a Request, Awful Medication, and Born to Be My Child by Bon Jovi; I Was Made for Lovin’ You by Kiss; We as a whole Rest Alone and Very much Like Jesse James by Cher; I Disdain Myself for Cherishing You by Joan Jett and the Blackhearts; How Might We Be Sweethearts?

Doctor Writes Prescription Saying Grandma Can Hug Granddaughter After Vaccine

A grandmother who hadn't seen her family in months due to the ongoing coronavirus pandemic finally got to hug her granddaughter after receiving a sweet doctor's permission. Evelyn Shaw told CNN that it had been a year since she was last able to share an embrace with her granddaughter, Ateret Frank. However, thanks to the vaccine and a surprise gift from her doctor — a prescription that stated she was allowed to hug her granddaughter — Evelyn finally got to reunite with her loved ones.

Doug McKeon Bio, Wiki, Age, Height, Parents, Wife, On Golden Pond, and Net Worth

Doug McKeon Biography Doug McKeon is an American actor who first earned fame as a child actor. McKeon performed in the television series The Edge of Night. He acted in the films Uncle Joe Shannon (for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award), On Golden Pond, Mischief, and Night Crossing. McKeon’s impact on his field is significant. He has helped to pave the way for other child actors and has shown that it is possible to have a successful career in Hollywood even if you start young.

How To Change Wand In Hogwarts Legacy

The wand chooses the wizard, but it might not be your perfect match. So here's how to change your wand in Hogwarts Legacy. First Published February 5, 2023, 18:42 Hogwarts Legacy is perhaps the most anticipated game to be released this year, having already crushed sales on Steam. The game promises a magical experience, featuring nearly everything Harry Potter fans might be familiar with already. That said, if you're looking to start your magical journey at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, you'll first need to choose a wand in Hogwarts Legacy.

Jon Stewart's return to "The Daily Show" comes in different times

NEW YORK (AP) — As host of “The Daily Show” from 1999 to 2015, Jon Stewart changed comedy — and arguably journalism, too — with sharp, satirical takes on politics and current events. He became an essential part of the nation’s conversation. Now let’s see if he can turn back time. Stewart, who walked away from “The Daily Show” to much fanfare, returns to his old perch Monday night. He’s agreed to host each Monday through the election, and to executive produce the weeknight show for Comedy Central into next year to help it through another transition.

Leah Jeffries Height Age Weight Measurement Wiki & Bio

Leah Jeffries is an American actress who recognized for her co-starring role as Norah Samuels in the 2022’s Idris Elba starred survival thriller film “Beast”. She gained recognition early in her career, when she was cast as Lola for 6 episodes on the FOX series “Empire”. Shortly thereafter, she appeared as Fiona in the 2018 TV Movie “Faith Under Fire”. Now, she will be seen in the upcoming Daryl Wein directed romantic-comedy film “Something from Tiffany’s”.

Lower Back Tattoos on Men

Spoiler alert, we live in the 21st century. We have the Internet in our pockets, electric cars, and EVERYONE has a tattoo. Well maybe not everyone, but most people under the age of 50 have at least one tattoo and that’s a totally cool societal norm - unless of course that tattoo is a tramp stamp. Tramp stamp tattoos (AKA lower back tattoos) are an egregious enough error, but they reach all new heights of heinous when they find their resting place on the lower back of a sweaty dude.

Mario Lemieux Net Worth One Of The Richest Hockey Players Ever

National Hockey League (NHL) has seen a number of players who have risen to a significant height of fame. There are several hockey players that have established themselves as successful personalities. One such player is Mario Lemieux, whose name can never be forgotten from the NHL history. Mario has gained significant success and fame in his professional career. Lemieux led his team to win several championship titles. Moreover, he has also accumulated numerous awards and accolades.